Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Wife of Bath - Feminist or...

In view of the fact that the Wife of Bath herself does seem to behave in the manner women are accused of behaving by the anti-feminist writers, it is not impossible that the Wife of Baths Prologue could be considered a vehicle for the anti-feminist message under the guise of a seeming feminist exterior, since her confession is frequently self-incriminating (e.g. her treatment of her husbands, her tendency to swere and lyen) and demonstrates the truth of the claims made by the anti-feminists even while she is disparaging them and making them look bad -- as in her claim that anti-feminist writers (specifically the clerks, i.e. learned scholars) are revenging themselves on women because of their own sexual impotence that prevents†¦show more content†¦Also, while she claims Biblical support for her views on marriage, the support that she cites is conveniently edited to suit her purposes (for example, Solomon did have 700 wives and 300 concubines -- but his appetites led to his t urning away from God; and the marital relationship specified in the Bible is a reciprocal one rather than the one-sided one she speaks of, tilted in favour of the wife -- she conveniently ignores that while the Apostel [...] / [...] bad oure housbondes for to love us weel, he also exhorts women to love their husbands), and she elsewhere ignores the Bible when it proves difficult to glose in her favour (as in her dismissal of its injunction to dress in habit maad with chastitee and shame). Moreover, her behaviour is a demonstration of all the anti-feminist accusationsShow MoreRelated Canterbury Tales Essay - Wife of Bath as an Attack on Married Life?1291 Words   |  6 PagesCanterbury Tales - Wife of Bath is Not an Attack on Women and Married Life Feminists have proposed that the Prologue of the Wife of Bath is merely an attack on women and married life. The Prologue is spoken by a woman with strong opinions on how married life should be conducted, but is written by a man. It is important to examine the purpose with which Chaucer wrote it. This is especially so as many of the pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales condemn themselves out of their own mouths, such asRead MoreSex in The Canterbury Tales Essay937 Words   |  4 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer uses sex as a manipulative instrument in The Canterbury Tales. Portraying sex as a power that women exert over men rather than the marital bond of â€Å"making love† makes evident Chaucer’s skewed views of love and marriage with underlying tones of misogyny. He expresses these views throughout the work, however, the theme of love and sex is most evident in the sub-stories of The Wife of Bath and The Miller’s Tale. Chaucer breaks the topic of sex into two basic parts: carnality and romanticismRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer Stance on Feminism1254 Words   |  6 Pages The investigation into whether or not Geoffrey Chaucer was ahead of his time in terms of his views on feminism has been up for debate for hundreds of years. The Wife of Bath’s Prologue is just one solitary example of the complicated nature of Chaucer’s belief system. On the one hand, we have many strong female characters that despite still being extremely dependant on the men in their lives, know what they want out of life. From a contrasting point of view, readers see a group of men, includingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Wife Of Bath 1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canterbury Fails: An Analysis of Misogyny in the Wife of Bath’s Tale At first glance, you wouldn’t think that the Wife of Bath’s tale is anything other than feminist. She is, undeniably, the only non-religious female character in The Canterbury Tales and therefore is the only character who is approached from a point of view that was generally uncommon. We don’t have many— or even any, as far as I’m aware— pieces of medieval literature written by or for women or with a main female protagonistRead MoreAuthority And The Canterbury Tales1825 Words   |  8 PagesAuthority and The Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer, widely known for his influence in medieval literature, expresses a fourteenth century literacy concept of authority and gentility in The Canterbury Tales. There are two forms of authority and gentility that will be covered in this discussion: authority and gentility in Chaucer’s personal life and the one in his two tales, â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale†, and â€Å"The Clerk’s Tale†. Chaucer himself loses a sense of authority over his writing after his deathRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - Women in The Wife of Bath1433 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Chaucers The Wife of Bath Chaucers The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale is a medieval legend that paints a portrait of strong women finding love and themselves in the direst of situations. It is presented to the modern day reader as an early tale of feminism showcasing the ways a female character gains power within a repressive, patriarchal society. Underneath the simplistic plot of female empowerment lies an underbelly of anti-feminism. Sometimes this is presented blatantlyRead More Passive Women in Chaucers Canterbury Tales? Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesPassive Women in Chaucers Canterbury Tales? One argument that reigns supreme when considering Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is whether or not there is an element of anti-feminism within the text. One thread that goes along with this is whether or not the women of The Canterbury Tales are passive within the tales told. This essay will explore the idea that the women found within the tales told by the pilgrims (The Knight’s Tale, The Miller’s Tale and The Wife of Bath’s Tale to name a few) areRead More Canterbury Tales Essay - Anti-Feminist Rhetoric in The Wife Of Bath1204 Words   |  5 PagesAnti-Feminist Rhetoric in  The Wife Of Bath    In Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, The Wife of Bath is a strong woman who loudly states her opinions about the antifeminist sentiments popular at the time. Chaucer, however, frequently discredits her arguments by making them unfounded and generally compromising her character. This brings into question Chaucers political intent with the Wife of Bath. Is he supportive of her views, or is he making a mockery of woman who challenge the patriarchalRead More Cantebury Tales - Relation Of Wife Of Bath To Contemporary Women1715 Words   |  7 Pagesmisfortune. Women then and now may look upon most of these â€Å"devilish† characteristics as desirable, strong-willed and feministic. Chaucer appears to support women and specifically these devilish feminists by creating two very strong-willed and successful women in the Wife of Bath and the old hag in the Wife’s tale. However, through all of the tough outer attributes, on the inside are the same classic and traditional dam sels in distress that require a man just like the women of that time always had. ThroughRead MoreSexual Relations in Wife of Bath Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesSexual Relations in Wife of Bath Sexual relations between men and woman have created issues of life and death from the beginning of time. In most classic Western beliefs it began when Eve with the help of the Devil seduced Adam thus leading the downfall of humanity into an abyss of sin and hopelessness. This issue arises in all literature from Genesis, Chaucer and into modern day. Authors, clerks and writers of all types have aided stereotyping women throughout history and Geoffrey Chaucer is

Types Of Peer Review Review - 1158 Words

Types of peer review There are different journals which follow different types of peer review, based on the kind of research they publish as well as their journal management style. The single and double-blinded peer reviews are the most commonly adopted by many journals. In the single-blind review, the reviewer is aware of the author’s identity, but not vice versa. In the double-blind review, both the author and reviewer are not aware of the other’s identity. In the recent time, some academic journals have started adopting two other kinds of peer reviews called open and post-publication peer review. In the open review system, the identity of the author and reviewers is known, and this system may allow the comments made by the peer reviewer as well as authors’ responses to be published along with the final version of the manuscript. The post-publication peer review is a relatively new trend adopted by some open access publications in which reviewers evaluate a manuscript after it has been published on an open access platform. At this time, the identity of the author and the reviewer is known (published), and so is the peer review evaluation of the manuscript. This system may allow reviewers to get credit for their reviews (Rajagopalan, 2014). As seen by Ware and Monkman (2008), the double-blind review was the most effective approach appreciated by authors (71%), followed by single-blind (52%), post-publication (37%) and open peer review (26%). Through a deep chronical reviewShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Peer Review?960 Words   |  4 PagesThe literature review What is peer review? Peer review is the evaluation of scholarly and academic articles by other researchers or scientists who are expert in the field and qualified enough to perform a reasonably neutral review. It is an indispensable part of the process of the scholarly publication. Most academic journals rely on scholarly peer review, or refereeing, to help editors evaluate the quality of articles submitted to their journals. The review process is a skill, which is learnedRead MoreScholarly Journals Versus Popular Magazines876 Words   |  4 PagesAssociation ) to introduce the article authors and the public date. Expert(scholar, professor, researcher,etc) in field covered. Author is always named. For example: â€Å"modeling habitual and addictive smart-phone behavior: the role of smart-phone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation,age, and gender(Alexander J.A.M. Van Deursen’, et.al, 2015)† This in order to make the statement of the article more specifically. For the magazines, journalist , nonprofessional or laypersonRead MoreThe Need For Peer Review Evaluation System1371 Words   |  6 PagesPeer Evaluation System Introduction The need for peer review evaluation system helps in evaluating the work done by different students, who poses the same level of competency. Through this method, it is possible to set out the standards for quality check, which is required for improving the performance. The demand for academic review across different universities has increased. This helps the students to conduct a detailed analysis of the situation or the project that has been carriedRead MorePeer Review825 Words   |  4 PagesENGL112 Peer Review Worksheet INSTRUCTIONS: Peer Reviews will be conducted in class discussion forums during Week 7. Be sure to review the Lecture and the Discussion area for additional details and guidance. Please complete the following steps below, returning a separate peer review worksheet for each of the two classmates whose papers you review. This assignment is worth 50 points. * You will receive 10 points for submitting your draft by the required deadline. * You will receive 20 pointsRead MoreUtilization Review ( Ur ) Can Constitute Practicing Medicine1157 Words   |  5 PagesIn some way, Utilization Review (UR) can constitute â€Å"practicing medicine† because UR is an evaluated healthcare services based on standards of care, treatment guidelines, and evidence-base medicine (Wolter, Beeman, Lynch, n.d.). The provider must address UR in the proposed decision. UR is a system designed for monitoring, evaluating and efficiency for services provided. UR should not be limited to only medical professionals licensed to practice medicine. Any provider, licensed or unlicensedRead MoreNrs-433v Week 1 Literature Search: Prevention of Surgical Site Infection1272 Words   |  6 PagesSite Infection Details: Conduct a literature search to locate research articles focused on a practice problem of interest. This literature search should include both quantitative and qualitative peer research articles to support your practice problem or issue of interest in 350-750 words. Identify six peer research articles which will be utilized through the next 5 weeks as reference sources. Create a reference list in which the six articles are listed. Beneath each reference include the articlesRead MoreUsing Skepticism to Acquire Knowledge1033 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing a skeptic is one of the key ways in which scientist acquire knowledge. In the scientific process one of the fundamental steps in which scientist rely on to acquire knowledge is peer review. Peer review is done due to the idea of being skeptical on a knowledge claim in which someone published. In the peer review step scientist ask for clarity in definitions, check consistency in the logic (like the mathematical process or logical justifications), and check the adequacy of the evidence (like theRead MoreData Evaluation with CARS Checklist: Factors That Affect Student Success in Nursing School1762 Words   |  7 PagesMoore, G. (2007). Baccalaureate nursing program admission policies: Promoting succes s or facilitating failure? Journal of Nursing Education,46(10), 439-444. Olson, M.A. (2012). English-as-a-second-language (ESL) nursing student success: A critical review of the literature. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 19(1), 26-32. Patchell, B. (2005). Mentoring in multiple dimensions. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 12(2), 56-58. Rogers, T.L. (2010). Prescription for success in an associate degree nursing programRead MorePerformance Appraisal : Performance Evaluation1275 Words   |  6 PagesYearly performance reviews are a key part of many workplaces across the country and is an instrumental way for employers to document employees performance throughout the past year. These performance reviews also provide employees with the knowledge off what they have done well and what they should try to improve on. However, there are multiple other ways in which performance reviews can be utilized and numerous types of reviews that can be used. â€Å"Performance appraisal can be viewed as the processRead MorePeer Assessment At The Heart Of Formative Assessment Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pages2. Review of Related Literature 2.1. Peer Feedback Peer assessment lies at the heart of formative assessment. Using peer feedback in writing classrooms enables students learn from their peer and support each other. (Carless, 2011) This goes in line with Vygotsky’s (1978) social-interactionist view which claimed that students learn better when they interact with their peers. Although there are concerns that students may not be able to assess their peers as reliable as their teacher, Carless (2011)

Role of Motivation in Project Management-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Critically discuss and Analyse the Role and importance of Motivation In Project Management. Answer: Introduction Motivation of the employees and project team members play a significant role in the success of the projects. This also helps the organizations to grow. Employee retention has become a challenging factor for the organizations (Ganta 2014). Globalization has increased the demand of the human resources, but at the same time employee motivation has become a catalyst for the improvement of employee performance and for the success of the projects. Leaders are said to motivate the employees and help to lead to project success. Motivated employees have seen to be high achievers. Motivation is considered to be an external or internal factor that stimulates energy and desire in individuals to constantly remain interested as well as committed to a role or job. There are motivational theories such as Maslows needs hierarchy and Herzbergs two factor theory that explains how individuals and project team members can be motivated (Ozguner and Ozguner 2014). Several leadership styles also help in mot ivating the employees. This report tries to find a solution for motivating Tom, who is an inexperience new employee and Harriet, who is an experienced project manager by using various motivation theories. This report shows the role played by various theoretical models of motivation in project management. It also discusses the role of leadership and communication process in motivation. This report discusses about various styles of leadership and shows which leadership style can motivate Tom and Harriet. Role of Motivation Motivation is considered to be a process by which people are stimulated to actions for accomplishing their goals. Motivated parties are needed to be induced for performing actions. Several desires of the people like desire for success, recognition, job satisfaction and money motivate them to perform better and achieve their goals (Dinibutun 2012). One of the main functions of organizations is to develop a sense of willingness amongst the staffs and employees so that they give their best performance for the organizational growth as well as their own benefits. In order to get motivated, an individual must feel the desire or need to achieve goals. This need or desire needs to be aroused through some actions. Motivation can be considered to be a psychological process or phenomenon (Reeve 2014). There are mainly two types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is developed when people find their work to be interesting and are satisfied with their work. Ext rinsic motivation needs external rewards that help the people to get motivated and perform better. Motivation plays a significant role in the success of projects and leads to organizational growth. Motivated employees perform better than the unmotivated employees. Project managers are responsible for motivating their project team members and employees. They apply different leadership styles and utilize power to influence their team (Drnyei and Ushioda 2013). Motivation can be enhanced by using participative style of leadership. Intrinsic motivation is considered to be highly beneficial as the team members are directly connected to the goal or cause of the project. Rewards do not play any role in intrinsic motivation. Projects are said to operate in a hybrid system. Project managers are expected to optimize motivation rather than maximizing it. They can directly influence motivation by giving feedback, offering rewards and allowing autonomy (Schunk and Zimmerman 2012). Project management has several stages, and different leadership styles and approaches are applied depending on the stage. Project managers must identify the type of approach that needs to be applied depending on which stage the project is currently present. In order to achieve project success, the project managers must be able to influence motivation in the team throughout all the stages of the project. Participation and engagement of the project team members play a major role in influencing motivation and in the success of the project. Clear communication during the initial stage of the project also helps in motivating the team members. Support from top management and clear scope of project also act as the key influencer of motivation. Poorly motivated project teams face difficulty in achieving the project goal and leads to failure of the project in most cases. Project managers are mainly responsible for harnessing initial motivation and maintaining the motivation throughout the project in order to get accomplishment (Dobre 2013). Project teams and organizations can achieve excellence through the process of motivation. Theoretical Models of Motivation The theoretical models of motivation can be utilized in an effective manner for motivating the project staffs. Some of the motivational theories are discussed below. 1) Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: According to this theory, people can get motivated once their needs are satisfied. Maslow divided the needs of the individuals into various levels. This theory says that the individuals move to next level after meeting the need of the present level (Lester 2013). The first level of needs is the physiological needs or basic needs like food and shelter. In the context of project management, the first level needs will be salary of the employees. The second level of needs is the safety needs like fair work practices, safe and healthy work environment. The third level of needs is the belongingness needs where project staffs expect to develop a friendly and cooperative relationship with the other team members. After meeting the first three levels of needs, project staffs try to meet the self esteem needs like respect, recognition and prestigious job titles (Jerome 2013). The last level of need is the self-actualization needs like workplace autonomy, challengi ng work and other achievement issues that will bring out the best in the project staffs. Figure 1: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Source: Lester 2013, p.16) In the given case study, Tom is a new graduate and does not have much work experience. He does not seem to be motivated towards achieving his goals. A feedback mechanism must be used to understand whether the needs and requirements of Tom are getting fulfilled or not. Tom must be provided with sufficient salary so that he feels motivated to achieve the next level of need (Lester 2013). Tom must be made to feel a part of the project team by encouraging him to participate in the decision making process. Challenging and innovative tasks must be assigned to Tom so that he develops interest in his work and does not waste his time in other activities (Jerome 2013). The incentive schemes and policies must be made clear to Tom so that he feels motivated to work and achieve targets. If Tom achieves a single level of need, then he will get motivated to move to another level in the hierarchy. In the given case study, Harriet is an experienced and well skilled project manager but is not giving m uch effort to carry out her work. One reason can be that she was not praised and given recognition for her previous efforts and achievements. Harriet can be offered new kinds of tasks and can be asked to participate in generating innovative ideas so that she is able to meet the self esteem and self-actualization needs. Tom needs to be motivated to achieve the first three levels of needs and Harriet must be motivated to achieve the last two levels of needs. 2) Herzbergs Theory: This theory discusses two such factors called motivation and hygiene factors. Hygiene factors can be considered to be the components of dissatisfaction (Ozguner and Ozguner 2014). Salary, job security and company policy can be considered to be the hygiene factors. Non-fulfilment of any of these needs will cause dissatisfaction among the employees and demotivate them (Yusoff, Kian and Idris 2013). Motivation factors are responsibility, recognition, promotion, advancement opportunity and growth. In order to motivate Tom and Harriet, the dissatisfaction factors must be eliminated and the motivation factors must be created. Challenging work and responsibility will be able to motivate Tom. The other team members must try to build good inter-personal relationship with Tom. The other hygiene factors must be fulfilled so that Tom does not feel disinterested in his work. The motivation factors that will be effective in case of Harriet are recognition, growth and status. H arriet must be given considerable recognition for her experience and skills. This will motivate Harriet to take interest in her work and she will be motivated to use her skills to help in the success of the project. Figure 2: Herzbergs Theory (Source: Yusoff, Kian and Idris 2013, p.19) 3) Vrooms Expectancy Theory: Expectancy theory deals around three main factors like valence, expectancy and instrumentality. According to this theory, people will give their efforts based on their perception of the probability of receiving desired outcomes (Yung Chou and Pearson 2012). The first stage of outcome is based on performance of the employees. The second stage of outcome is based on the external or extrinsic benefits that are given to the employees (HemaMalini and Washington 2014). The expectations of the employees are turned into motivation. This theory explains the importance of employee perception. It helps the project managers to get an insight into the needs and perception of the employees (Parijat and Bagga 2014). Expectancy theory can be used to understand the perceptions and concerns of Tom and Harriet. The concerns of Tom and Harriet must be addressed and time must be taken to understand the reason for their disinterest in work. Proper communication must be done to make them understand that they will be benefitted from the work they do. Tom must be assigned such works in which he is interested in and he must be told about the benefits of doing his job in an efficient manner. Harriet is an experienced project manner and she must be given recognition for motivation. She did not seem to be showing dedication towards her work may be because the organization was not being able to fulfil her expectation. Harriets concerns must be addressed and understood for fulfilling her expectations. If she understands that the work she is doing will lead her to success and help her achieve personal goals then she will get motivated to work. Motivated employees will play a significant role in the success of the project. Figure 3: Vrooms Expectancy Model (Source: Yung Chou and Pearson 2012, p.1171) 4) Reinforcement Theory: This theory states that behaviour of an individual is related to the consequences. It says that if a particular behaviour of an individual is followed by a positive outcome or consequence then it tends to take place again (Barto 2013). This theory does not concentrate on the internal feelings of an individual. It is more focused on the actions that are taken after a particular behaviour of an individual. Harriet must be praised for her specific achievements immediately. She must be rewarded for the positive actions that she takes and negative reinforcement must be applied because of her absenteeism. This will encourage her to repeat the positive actions and motivate her to contribute to the success of the project (Wei and Yazdanifard 2014). Tom must be encouraged to come to office early and must be immediately praised for showing positive behaviour. This will motivate Tom as well as Harriet to repeat their positive actions and behaviours and lead to the succe ss of project. Figure 4: Reinforcement Theory (Source: Barto 2013, p.19) 5) Scientific Management: This theory states that the efficiency of activities must be maximized and this can be achieved through subsequent analysis, recording and measurement. According to this theory, workers must be matched to their jobs and they must be trained before carrying out their work (Tadajewski and Jones 2012). This theory says that monetary rewards will play a major role in motivating the employees. Tom must be trained and his role must be based on his capabilities. This will help to motivate him. According to this theory, Harriet can be motivated through monetary rewards. Leadership and its Styles Leadership can be considered to be a process that helps an executive to direct, influence and guide the work and behaviour of the organizational people towards the achievement of goals that are specific depending on the situation (Alghazo and Al-Anazi 2016). Leadership is a capability and quality of influencing and inducing the subordinates and group of people to work with zeal and confidence. Leadership qualities can persuade others to achieve defined objectives in an enthusiastic manner. Leaders have a different charm and personality that help them to create a positive impact on the people and help them to succeed and grow in life (Buble, Juras, and Mati? 2014). Two broad categories of leaders are transformational and transactional leaders. Transactional leaders are task-oriented. They promote compliance with the organizational objectives and encourage performance through rewards (Chaudhry and Javed 2012). Transformational leaders focus on the motivation of the employees. These lea ders bring vision of the near future and create a proper plan for achieving the vision. These types of leaders try to enhance the capabilities of the employees. There are various leadership styles as discussed below: 1) Autocratic style: This style is followed by such leaders who prefer to give order and want everyone to follow their orders with obedience. They make the policies and plans on their own without taking the suggestion of others (Northouse 2015). They give orders without explaining the reason. They believe in dictatorship. They are only responsible for giving direction to the subordinates (Rast III, Hogg and Giessner 2013). They have an authoritarian nature. They do not believe in giving recognition to the employees and team members. Employees feel inferior and do not perform well under this kind of leadership style. 2) Democratic style: Leaders who follow this style is considered to be the best kind of leaders theoretically. They believe in asking their group for opinions. The leader does not believe in giving orders or dictating the group (Bhatti et al. 2012). Democratic leaders believe in taking suggestions from others. The group under this kind of leader is free to make decisions in a democratic manner. 3) Participative style: This style is followed by such leaders who encourage their team members and employees to participate in decision making processes. The participative leader considers the opinions of all the team members and takes the best decision by making use of this information (McCleskey 2014). Participative leaders always keep the group informed about the decision which they are going to make and give them the reason for taking such decisions. It has been seen that participative leadership has huge positive effect on the performance of the employees. Role of Leadership and Communication Process in Motivation Leadership has a significant impact on employee motivation. There is no particular leadership style that can be applied in every situation. The leadership style should match the objective of the team (Naile and Selesho 2014). Autocratic leadership style does not involve the employees in any decision making process. These kinds of leaders are less creative and like dictating. This kind of leadership plays an effective role when quick decisions are needed to be taken (Bhatti et al 2012). This kind of leadership style demotivates the employees and their performance level decreases. Employees get involved in repetitive tasks and lose their creativity. This style brings restriction in the workplace communication as well as socialization. Autocratic leadership style decreases the productivity of the project team. Democratic leadership promotes responsibility sharing in the organization (Buble, Juras and Mati? 2014). They do not make any decision without considering the opinions of the empl oyees. Democratic leadership style motivates the employees and helps to improve the productivity of the project team. This is creative method of solving complex issues. Participative leadership has proved to be unproductive in achieving short term targets and goals (Gonos and Gallo 2013). Here the employees are encourages to play a major role in the process of decision making. There is effective communication in the organization. This type of leadership style leads to motivated, more skilled and satisfied employees. It creates an optimistic work environment and promotes creativity. This is time consuming process and is highly effective in achieving long term goals. Autocratic leadership is effective in case of new and inexperienced employees. It has been seen in the case study that Tom is an inexperience new employee. Autocratic leadership style should be applied in order to motivate him to work (Buble, Juras and Mati? 2014). This will help to increase his productivity and help in the success of the project. Participative leadership should be applied in case of Harriet, who is an experienced project manager. She should be given the opportunity to make crucial decisions regarding the project and give innovative solutions. Participative leadership styles will be able to motivate Harriet and improve her skills and productivity (Alghazo and Al-Anazi 2016). Top performers of an organization are motivated through participative leadership style. Participative as well as transformational leadership styles are more likely to motivate employees and create a social atmosphere in the workplace. Participative leadership style will improve the process and ef fectiveness of communication in the organization. Effective communication will increase the level of motivation among the employees. Motivation and employee productivity are correlated. Conclusion This report concludes that highly motivated employees will give better performance and contribute in the success of the project. This report has used several motivation theories to find out the ways to motivate Tom and Harriet. It has discussed about the Maslows need of motivation, Herzbergs two-factor theory, reinforcement theory as well as scientific management theory. This report has also discussed about the autocratic, democratic as well as participative leadership styles. Participative leadership style is found out to be the most effective style and helps to motivate the employees. It can be concluded from this report that Tom can be motivated by using the autocratic leadership style as he is new and inexperience. Harriet is an experienced and well skilled employee, and participative leadership style will help to motivate her. This report also said that positive reinforcement can be used for encouraging positive behaviour and motivating the employees. Project can achieve success by eliminating the dissatisfaction factors and by maximizing the motivational factors in the organizations. Status, responsibility, recognition and promotion will be able to motivate the employees and the team members to perform better and this will lead to the success of the projects. This report gave an overview of how motivation can be developed and the role played by various leadership styles and communication process in the motivation process and also to achieve project success. Recommendations 1) Tom is a new graduate and has little work experience. He can be motivated by providing lucrative incentives and rewards for good performance. He must be encouraged to participate in effective business processes of the organization so that he finds interest in his work. He must be given challenging tasks so that he gains experience. 2) Harriet is an experienced project manager and she can be motivated through recognitions and personal growth. Harriet can be given more responsibilities so that she works hard. Participative leadership style should be applied for motivating Harriet. References Alghazo, A.M. and Al-Anazi, M., 2016. The Impact of Leadership Style on Employees Motivation.International Journal of Economics and Business Administration,2(5), pp.37-44. Barto, A.G., 2013. Intrinsic motivation and reinforcement learning. InIntrinsically motivated learning in natural and artificial systems(pp. 17-47). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G.M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M.A. and Shaikh, F.M., 2012. The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction.International Business Research,5(2), p.192. Buble, M., Juras, A. and Mati?, I., 2014. The relationship between managers leadership styles and motivation.Management: journal of contemporary management issues,19(1), pp.161-193. Chaudhry, A.Q. and Javed, H., 2012. Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Dinibutun, S.R., 2012. Work motivation: Theoretical framework.GSTF Business Review (GBR),1(4), p.133. Dobre, O.I., 2013. Employee motivation and organizational performance.Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research,5(1), pp.53-60. Drnyei, Z. and Ushioda, E., 2013.Teaching and researching: Motivation. Routledge. Ganta, V.C., 2014. Motivation in the workplace to improve the employee performance.International Journal of Engineering Technology,2(6), pp.221-230. Gonos, J. and Gallo, P., 2013. Model for leadership style evaluation.Management: journal of contemporary management issues,18(2), pp.157-168. HemaMalini, P.H. and Washington, A., 2014. Employees' motivation and valued rewards as a key to effective QWL-from the perspective of expectancy theory.TSM Business Review,2(2), p.45. Jerome, N., 2013. Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,2(3), pp.39-45. Lester, D., 2013. Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological Reports,113(1), pp.15-17. McCleskey, J.A., 2014. Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Naile, I. and Selesho, J.M., 2014. The role of leadership in employee motivation.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,5(3), p.175. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Ozguner, Z. and Ozguner, M., 2014. A managerial point of view on the relationship between of Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's dual factor theory.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(7). Parijat, P. and Bagga, S., 2014. Victor Vrooms expectancy theory of motivationAn evaluation.International Research Journal of Business and Management (IRJBM),7(9), pp.1-8. Rast III, D.E., Hogg, M.A. and Giessner, S.R., 2013. Self-uncertainty and support for autocratic leadership.Self and Identity,12(6), pp.635-649. Reeve, J., 2014.Understanding motivation and emotion. John Wiley Sons. 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The Human History free essay sample

This paper examines the influence of historical events on future actions. This paper examines the influence of historical events on future actions. The author discusses how historical events are being idealized and nurtured. Furthermore, an example of how the French Revolution seems to have served the Russians is further discussed. Thus, it should not in any way surprise us that the leaders of the Russian Revolution should have looked backward in time and westward in geography to the French Revolution as an arena from which both pragmatic strategy and intellectual inspiration might be drawn. French society before the revolution in that country suffered from many of the same particular ills by which early 20th-century Russian society was afflicted. Moreover, the leaders of the French Revolution couched their desires and their goals in terms that were more appropriate to a fellow European nation than had the leaders of the American Revolution, which was (of course) in large measure about seeking to cast off colonial rule. We will write a custom essay sample on The Human History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But the French, like the Russians, were seeking not to escape from the influence of some foreign power but rather to find a voice for their own people against the previously deafening voice of the monarchy.